Machine Learning

How words find their place in semantic space through push, pull, and careful trade-offs

How a simple observation about language created modern AI's understanding of meaning

The 35-year engineering journey that turned a linguistic insight into AI's foundation

How I stopped seeing vectors as magic and started seeing them as the geometry of meaning itself.

Should you build a custom tokenizer? A production decision framework

Why Swahili speakers pay 1.8x more than English speakers—and how to fix it

From GPT to BERT to T5 - the algorithms that learned to speak 100 languages

How the invisible step before training shapes model intelligence, costs, and fairness.