Tokenization

Your LLM costs more than you think - here's the full picture

128K tokens doesn’t mean you should use 128K tokens

The Invisible Tax of AI Tokenization: Why Non-English Speakers Pay More

How your prompt becomes vectors, attention, and text in milliseconds

Should you build a custom tokenizer? A production decision framework

Why Swahili speakers pay 1.8x more than English speakers—and how to fix it

From GPT to BERT to T5 - the algorithms that learned to speak 100 languages

How the invisible step before training shapes model intelligence, costs, and fairness.